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Northeastern University
Winter 2000

Global Historiography -- HST 3244
Monday, 7:00 p.m., 206 ME
Patrick Manning
Office: 263 HO
Hours: by arrangement

This course is a review of the literature on the history of the world in ancient, medieval and modern times, but with emphasis on the modern period (since 1500). The class will proceed by lecture and discussion. Students will present two oral reports (on recommended readings), and will write an annotated bibliography, a review of a world history textbook, and a historiographical essay.

Following the introduction, the course is divided into two main sections:

1. Two weeks of chronological review of the literature

2. Six weeks of analytical review of the literature, by method and theme

The instructor is struggling to complete a book manuscript on historiography and method in world history. You will read weekly installments placed on the World History Center website.

In each section of the course, we will address the following issues and distinctions:

a. Global, regional, and national foci in historicalwriting.

b. Comparative and interactive approaches in historical interpretation.

c. The structures and institutions for the study of world history.

d. Periodization in world history. We will begin with a simple distinction of three periods: pre-modern (before 1500), early modern (1500-1800), and the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

e. Topics: ecology, population, economy, society, politics, religion, culture.

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Books required for purchase:

    McNeill, William. The Rise of the West.
    Curtin, Philip. The Rise and Fall of the Plantation Complex.
    Stearns, Peter N., The Industrial Revolution
    Wright, Donald, The World and a Very Small Place in Africa
    Frank, Andre Gunder, ReORIENT
    Readings for HST 3244 (Gnomon Copy II, 325 Huntington). Includes all readings marked with asterisk (*) below.

Student assignments

A. H-WORLD. Each student must subscribe to H-WORLD, the electronic discussion list on world history, for the duration of the term, and must submit at least one posting during the term. That posting must include a historiographical reference.

B. Oral reports. Oral reports for the term will be scheduled on January 24. Each student will deliver two 5-minute reports, each on one of the optional readings, and will direct a discussion of 5 to 10 minutes on the report and the reading.

C. Bibliography in world history, due February 14. Each student will make up an annotated bibliography of about twenty entries on a topic in world history. These bibliographies will become part of the resources of the World History Center.

D. Book review, due February 28. A critical review of a recent work in world history, meeting the usual professional standards for a book review, but also accounting for the particular perspective of world history.

E. Historiographical essay, due March 13. Each student will complete a historiographical essay, of about 3000 words in text (plus notes), on a topic in world history. The topic must be approved by the instructor.

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COURSE SCHEDULE

Meeting 1. January 10. Introduction.

Meeting 2. January 24. Historical Philosophy, to 1900

Required Reading:
    Manning, World History ? Interpretation and Methods. Read Chapter 1, "Analyzing World History," and Chapter 2,         "Historical Philosophy, to 1900"
    *Voltaire. The Philosophy of History (1766)
    *Gibbon, Edward. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776-1788)
    *Herder, J. G. von. Reflections on the Philosophy of the History of Mankind (1784-91)
    *Hegel, G. W. F. Philosophy of World History (1830)

Optional Reading:
    Bossuet (bishop). Discourse on Universal History (1681)
    Malthus, Thomas. An Essay on the Principle of Population (1793)
    Marx, Karl. The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (1852)
    Morgan, Lewis. Ancient Society (1877)
    *Spencer, Herbert. The Evolution of Society (1885-86)
    Weber, Max. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1906)

Other Works of Interest:
    Vico, Giambattista. New Science (1725)
    Goethe, J. W. von. Faust (1806-1832)
    Ranke, Leopold von. Weltgeschichte (1883-87)
    H. G. Helmolt, ed., The History of the World, 8 vols. (1907-08).

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Meeting 3. January 31. World History in the twentieth century

Required Reading:
    Manning, Chapter 3, "Grand Synthesis, 1900-1965," Chapter 4, "Themes and Analysis, 1965-95," and Chapter 5, "Organizing a Field, since 1995."
    McNeill, Rise of the West (1963)
    *Toynbee, Arnold J., A Study of History (abridged)
    *Spengler, Oswald. The decline of the West
    *Wallerstein, Immanuel. The modern world-system, vol. 1 (1974)
    *Brenner, Robert. "Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Europe," (1976)

Optional Reading:
    Wells, H. G. The Outline of History (1920)
    Braudel, Fernand. The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean world in the age of Philip II (1949)
    Pirenne, Jacques. Les grandes courantes de Histoire mondiale
    Bagby, Philip. Culture and History: Prolegomena to the Comparative Study of Civilizations (1959)
    Nehru, Jawaharlal. Glimpses of World History (1934)
    Hodgson, Marshall. The venture of Islam (1974).
    McNeill, William. Plagues and Peoples (1976)
    Crosby, Alfred. The Columbian exchange (1972)
    Stavrianos, Leften. Global rift (1981)
    Abu-Lughod, Janet. Before European Hegemony (1989)

Other Works of Interest:
    Johnston, H. H. The discovery and colonization of Africa by alien races (1900)
    Du Bois, W. E. B. The Negro (1915)
    Van Loon, Hendrik. The Story of Mankind (1921)
    Lenin, V. I. Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Captalism (1917)
    Ortega y Gasset, Jose. An Interpretation of Universal History (1948)
    Polanyi, Karl. The great transformation (1944)
    Mumford, Lewis. The city in history (1961)
    __________. The condition of man (1944)
    Gottschalk, Louis, ed. UNESCO History of Mankind (1963-1975)
    Palmer, Robert R. A history of the modern world (1950)
    Von Laue, Theodore. The world revolution of westernization (1987)
    Linda G. Basch, Nina Glick Schiller, Cristina Szanton Blanc. Nations Unbound : Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments, and Deterritorialized Nation-States (1994)

Meeting 4. February 7. Disciplines and Area Studies

Required Reading:
    Manning, Chapter 6, "Disciplines" and Chapter 7, "Area Studies."
    Curtin, Rise and Fall of the Plantation Complex (1990)
    *AHR Forum, "Periodization in World History" (1996)

Optional Reading:
    Hodgson, Marshall (Edmund Burke, ed.).
    Hancock, David, Citizens of the World : London Merchants and the Integration of the British Atlantic Community, 1735-1785 (1995)
    Gress, David, From Plato to NATO: The Idea of the West and its Opponents (1998)
    Tilly, Charles. Big structures, large processes, huge comparisons (1984).
    Lewis & Wigan, The Myth of Continents
    Curtin, Philip. Cross-cultural trade in world history (1984).
    __________. Death by migration (1987).
    Said, Edward. Orientalism (1978)
    Rodney, Walter. How Europe underdeveloped Africa (1972)
    *Kroeber, Alfred L. "The Concept of Culture in Science" (1949
    Murdock, George Peter. "How Culture Changes" (1956)
    Durham, William, Coevolution: genes, culture, and human diversity (1991)

Other Works of Interest:
    Polgar, Steven. "From Applied to Committed Anthropology" (1975)
    Owusu, Maxwell. "Colonial and Postcolonial Anthropology of Africa" (1979)
    *Buck, Pem Davidson. "Colonized Anthropology: cargo-cult discourse" (1991)
    Grimshaw, Anna, and Keith Hart. "The Rise and Fall of Scientific Ethnography" (1995)
    Wright, Susan. "Anthropology: Still the Uncomfortable Discipline?" (1995)

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Meeting 5. February 14. Systems and Time

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY DUE IN CLASS

Required Reading:
    Manning, Chapter 8, "Systems, Comparisons, Metaphors" and Chapter 9, "The Globe in Time Perspective."
    Stearns, Peter. The Industrial Revolution in World History
    *Von Bertalanffy, Ludwig, General System Theory : Foundations, Development, Applications (1969)
    *Frank, Andre Gunder. "A Plea for World System History," Journal of World History 2 (1991), 1-28

Optional Reading:
    Bentley, Jerry. Old World Encounters
    Wallerstein, I. The modern world-system, vols. 2 & 3 (1986-89)
    Christian, David.
    Spier, Fred.

Other Works of Interest:
DuPlessis, Robert S. "The Partial Transition to World-Systems Analysis in Early Modern European History," Radical History Review 39 (1987), 11-27
Bogumil Jewsiewicki. "The African Prism of Immanuel Wallerstein," Radical History Review 39 (1987), 50-68

Meeting 6. February 21. Politics, economics, technology, and ecology

Required Reading:
Manning, Chapter 10, "Political and Economic History" and Chapter 11, "Technology and ecology"
Andre Gunder Frank, ReORIENT (1998)

Optional Reading:
    Kennedy, Paul. The rise and fall of the great powers (1987).
    Huntington, Samuel. The Third Wave
    Hobsbawm, Eric. Nations and nationalism (1990)
    Rostow, W. W. The stages of economic growth (1961).
    Hicks, John D. A theory of economic history (1969).
    North, Douglass, and Robert P. Thomas. The rise of the Western world (1973).
    Jones, E. L. The European miracle (1981).
    Latham, A. J. H. The International Economy and the Underdeveloped World (1978)
    Frank, Andre Gunder. World Accumulation, 1492-1789 (1978)
    Amin, Samir. Unequal Development (1973)
    Rosenberg and Birdzell. How the West Grew Rich (1986)
    Smith, Alan K. Creating a World Economy (1991)
    Crosby, Alfred. Ecological Imperialism (1988)
    Fabian, Johannes. Time and the Other: how anthropology makes its object (1983)
    Headrick, Daniel. The tools of empire (1981)
    Hobsbawm, Eric. The age of revolution (1962)
    Anderson, Benedict. Imagined communities (1983)
    Skocpol, Theda. States and Social Revolutions (1979)
    Tracy, James, ed. The Rise of Merchant Empires (1990)
    __________. The Political Economy of Merchant Empires (1991).
    Charles Bright and Michael Geyer, "For a Unified History of the World in the Twentieth Century," Radical History Review 39 (1987), 69-91
    Anderson, Perry. Lineages of the absolutist state (1974)

Other Works of Interest:

Meeting 7. February 28. Social and cultural history

BOOK REVIEWS DUE IN CLASS

Required Reading:
Manning, Chapter 12, "Social History" and Chapter 13, "Cultural History I"
Wright, The World and a Very Small Place in Africa

Optional Reading:
    Braudel, Fernand. The structures of everyday life (1985).
    __________. The wheels of commerce (1986).
    __________. The perspective of the world (1986).
    Moore, Barrington. The social origins of dictatorship and democracy (1966).
    Powell, Richard J. Black Art and Culture in the 20th Century
    Wolf, Eric. Europe and the Peoples without History (1982)
    Chaudhuri, K. N. Asia before Europe (1990)
    Worseley, Peter. The Third World (1964)
    Worseley, Peter. The three worlds (1984)

Other Works of Interest:

Meeting 8. March 6. Research and teaching

Required Reading:
    Manning, Chapter 14, "Cultural History II" and Chapter 15, "Postscript on Research and Teaching."
    *Allardyce, Gilbert. "The Rise and Fall of the Western Civilization Course," American Historical Review 87 (1982)
    *Allardyce, Gilbert. "Toward World History: American Historians and the Coming of the World History Course," Journal of World History 1 (1990), 23-76

Optional Reading:
Dunn, Ross
Crabtree, Dunn, and Nash

Other Works of Interest:

Meeting 9. March 13. Wrap-up

HISTORIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY DUE IN CLASS

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CONTENTS OF READINGS PACKET

1. Voltaire. The Philosophy of History (1766), 1-34.

2. Gibbon, Edward. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776-1788), vol. 1, pp. 382-444.

3. Herder, J. G. von. Reflections on the Philosophy of the History of Mankind (1784-91), pp. 3-33, 357-98.

4. Hegel, G. W. F. Philosophy of World History (1830), pp. 1-27, 72-79, 412-457.

5. Ranke, Leopold von. "The Great Powers" (1833).

6. Marx, Karl. The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (1852), pp. 95-136, 166-80, and 712-18 in Marx, Selected Works.

7. Spencer, Herbert. The Evolution of Society (selections from Principles of Sociology (1876)), pp. 3-8, 32-47, 72-81.

8. Weber, Max. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1904), pp. 47-78, 192-217.

9. Kroeber, Alfred L. "The Concept of Culture in Science" (1949), pp. 118-135 in Kroeber, ed., The Nature of Culture (1952)

10. Murdock, George Peter. "How Culture Changes" (1956), pp. 112-28 in Murdock, Culture and Society (1965).

11. Brenner, Robert. "Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Europe," Past and Present 70 (1976), 30-74.

12. Charles Bright and Michael Geyer, "For a Unified History of the World in the Twentieth Century," Radical History Review 39 (1987), 69-91.

13. Buck, Pem Davidson. "Colonized Anthropology: cargo-cult discourse" (1991), pp. 24-41 in Faye Harrison, ed., Decolonizing Anthropology (1991).

14. Frank, Andre Gunder. "A Plea for World System History," Journal of World History 2 (1991), pp. 1-28.

15. Allardyce, Gilbert. "The Rise and Fall of the Western Civilization Course," American Historical Review 87 (1982), pp. 695-725.

16. Allardyce, Gilbert. "Toward World History: American Historians and the Coming of the World History Course," Journal of World History 1 (1990), pp. 23-76.



Northeastern University Winter 2000 Global Historiography -- HST 3244 Monday, 7:00 p.m., 206 ME Patrick Manning Office: 263 HO Hours: by arrangement This course is a review of the literature on the history of the world in ancient, medieval and modern times, but with emphasis on the modern period (since 1500). The class will proceed by lecture and discussion. Students will present two oral reports (on recommended readings), and will write an annotated bibliography, a review of a world history textbook, and a historiographical essay. Following the introduction, the course is divided into two main sections: 1. Two weeks of chronological review of the literature 2. Six weeks of analytical review of the literature, by method and theme The instructor is struggling to complete a book manuscript on historiography and method in world history. You will read weekly installments placed on the World History Center website. In each section of the course, we will address the following issues and distinctions: a. Global, regional, and national foci in historicalwriting. b. Comparative and interactive approaches in historical interpretation. c. The structures and institutions for the study of world history. d. Periodization in world history. We will begin with a simple distinction of three periods: pre-modern (before 1500), early modern (1500-1800), and the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. e. Topics: ecology, population, economy, society, politics, religion, culture. top of page Books required for purchase: McNeill, William. The Rise of the West. Curtin, Philip. The Rise and Fall of the Plantation Complex. Stearns, Peter N., The Industrial Revolution Wright, Donald, The World and a Very Small Place in Africa Frank, Andre Gunder, ReORIENT Readings for HST 3244 (Gnomon Copy II, 325 Huntington). Includes all readings marked with asterisk () below. Student assignments* A. H-WORLD. Each student must subscribe to H-WORLD, the electronic discussion list on world history, for the duration of the term, and must submit at least one posting during the term. That posting must include a historiographical reference. B. Oral reports. Oral reports for the term will be scheduled on January 24. Each student will deliver two 5-minute reports, each on one of the optional readings, and will direct a discussion of 5 to 10 minutes on the report and the reading. C. Bibliography in world history, due February 14. Each student will make up an annotated bibliography of about twenty entries on a topic in world history. These bibliographies will become part of the resources of the World History Center. D. Book review, due February 28. A critical review of a recent work in world history, meeting the usual professional standards for a book review, but also accounting for the particular perspective of world history. E. Historiographical essay, due March 13. Each student will complete a historiographical essay, of about 3000 words in text (plus notes), on a topic in world history. The topic must be approved by the instructor. top of page COURSE SCHEDULE Meeting 1. January 10. Introduction. Meeting 2. January 24. Historical Philosophy, to 1900 Required Reading: Manning, World History ? Interpretation and Methods. Read Chapter 1, "Analyzing World History," and Chapter 2, "Historical Philosophy, to 1900" Voltaire. The Philosophy of History (1766) Gibbon, Edward. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776-1788) Herder, J. G. von. Reflections on the Philosophy of the History of Mankind (1784-91) Hegel, G. W. F. Philosophy of World History (1830) Optional Reading: Bossuet (bishop). Discourse on Universal History (1681) Malthus, Thomas. An Essay on the Principle of Population (1793) Marx, Karl. The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (1852) Morgan, Lewis. Ancient Society (1877) Spencer, Herbert. The Evolution of Society (1885-86) Weber, Max. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1906) Other Works of Interest: Vico, Giambattista. New Science (1725) Goethe, J. W. von. Faust (1806-1832) Ranke, Leopold von. Weltgeschichte (1883-87) H. G. Helmolt, ed., The History of the World, 8 vols. (1907-08). top of page Meeting 3.* January 31. World History in the twentieth century Required Reading: Manning, Chapter 3, "Grand Synthesis, 1900-1965," Chapter 4, "Themes and Analysis, 1965-95," and Chapter 5, "Organizing a Field, since 1995." McNeill, Rise of the West (1963) Toynbee, Arnold J., A Study of History (abridged) Spengler, Oswald. The decline of the West Wallerstein, Immanuel. The modern world-system, vol. 1 (1974) Brenner, Robert. "Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Europe," (1976) Optional Reading: Wells, H. G. The Outline of History (1920) Braudel, Fernand. The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean world in the age of Philip II (1949) Pirenne, Jacques. Les grandes courantes de Histoire mondiale Bagby, Philip. Culture and History: Prolegomena to the Comparative Study of Civilizations (1959) Nehru, Jawaharlal. Glimpses of World History (1934) Hodgson, Marshall. The venture of Islam (1974). McNeill, William. Plagues and Peoples (1976) Crosby, Alfred. The Columbian exchange (1972) Stavrianos, Leften. Global rift (1981) Abu-Lughod, Janet. Before European Hegemony (1989) Other Works of Interest: Johnston, H. H. The discovery and colonization of Africa by alien races (1900) Du Bois, W. E. B. The Negro (1915) Van Loon, Hendrik. The Story of Mankind (1921) Lenin, V. I. Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Captalism (1917) Ortega y Gasset, Jose. An Interpretation of Universal History (1948) Polanyi, Karl. The great transformation (1944) Mumford, Lewis. The city in history (1961) __________. The condition of man (1944) Gottschalk, Louis, ed. UNESCO History of Mankind (1963-1975) Palmer, Robert R. A history of the modern world (1950) Von Laue, Theodore. The world revolution of westernization (1987) Linda G. Basch, Nina Glick Schiller, Cristina Szanton Blanc. Nations Unbound : Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments, and Deterritorialized Nation-States (1994) Meeting 4. February 7. Disciplines and Area Studies Required Reading: Manning, Chapter 6, "Disciplines" and Chapter 7, "Area Studies." Curtin, Rise and Fall of the Plantation Complex (1990) AHR Forum, "Periodization in World History" (1996) Optional Reading: Hodgson, Marshall (Edmund Burke, ed.). Hancock, David, Citizens of the World : London Merchants and the Integration of the British Atlantic Community, 1735-1785 (1995) Gress, David, From Plato to NATO: The Idea of the West and its Opponents (1998) Tilly, Charles. Big structures, large processes, huge comparisons (1984). Lewis & Wigan, The Myth of Continents Curtin, Philip. Cross-cultural trade in world history (1984). __________. Death by migration (1987). Said, Edward. Orientalism (1978) Rodney, Walter. How Europe underdeveloped Africa (1972) Kroeber, Alfred L. "The Concept of Culture in Science" (1949 Murdock, George Peter. "How Culture Changes" (1956) Durham, William, Coevolution: genes, culture, and human diversity (1991) Other Works of Interest: Polgar, Steven. "From Applied to Committed Anthropology" (1975) Owusu, Maxwell. "Colonial and Postcolonial Anthropology of Africa" (1979) Buck, Pem Davidson. "Colonized Anthropology: cargo-cult discourse" (1991) Grimshaw, Anna, and Keith Hart. "The Rise and Fall of Scientific Ethnography" (1995) Wright, Susan. "Anthropology: Still the Uncomfortable Discipline?" (1995) top of page Meeting 5.* February 14. Systems and Time ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY DUE IN CLASS Required Reading: Manning, Chapter 8, "Systems, Comparisons, Metaphors" and Chapter 9, "The Globe in Time Perspective." Stearns, Peter. The Industrial Revolution in World History Von Bertalanffy, Ludwig, General System Theory : Foundations, Development, Applications (1969) Frank, Andre Gunder. "A Plea for World System History," Journal of World History 2 (1991), 1-28 Optional Reading: Bentley, Jerry. Old World Encounters Wallerstein, I. The modern world-system, vols. 2 & 3 (1986-89) Christian, David. Spier, Fred. Other Works of Interest: DuPlessis, Robert S. "The Partial Transition to World-Systems Analysis in Early Modern European History," Radical History Review 39 (1987), 11-27 Bogumil Jewsiewicki. "The African Prism of Immanuel Wallerstein," Radical History Review 39 (1987), 50-68 Meeting 6. February 21. Politics, economics, technology, and ecology Required Reading: Manning, Chapter 10, "Political and Economic History" and Chapter 11, "Technology and ecology" Andre Gunder Frank, ReORIENT (1998) Optional Reading: Kennedy, Paul. The rise and fall of the great powers (1987). Huntington, Samuel. The Third Wave Hobsbawm, Eric. Nations and nationalism (1990) Rostow, W. W. The stages of economic growth (1961). Hicks, John D. A theory of economic history (1969). North, Douglass, and Robert P. Thomas. The rise of the Western world (1973). Jones, E. L. The European miracle (1981). Latham, A. J. H. The International Economy and the Underdeveloped World (1978) Frank, Andre Gunder. World Accumulation, 1492-1789 (1978) Amin, Samir. Unequal Development (1973) Rosenberg and Birdzell. How the West Grew Rich (1986) Smith, Alan K. Creating a World Economy (1991) Crosby, Alfred. Ecological Imperialism (1988) Fabian, Johannes. Time and the Other: how anthropology makes its object (1983) Headrick, Daniel. The tools of empire (1981) Hobsbawm, Eric. The age of revolution (1962) Anderson, Benedict. Imagined communities (1983) Skocpol, Theda. States and Social Revolutions (1979) Tracy, James, ed. The Rise of Merchant Empires (1990) __________. The Political Economy of Merchant Empires (1991). Charles Bright and Michael Geyer, "For a Unified History of the World in the Twentieth Century," Radical History Review 39 (1987), 69-91 Anderson, Perry. Lineages of the absolutist state (1974) Other Works of Interest: Meeting 7. February 28. Social and cultural history BOOK REVIEWS DUE IN CLASS Required Reading: Manning, Chapter 12, "Social History" and Chapter 13, "Cultural History I" Wright, The World and a Very Small Place in Africa Optional Reading: Braudel, Fernand. The structures of everyday life (1985). __________. The wheels of commerce (1986). __________. The perspective of the world (1986). Moore, Barrington. The social origins of dictatorship and democracy (1966). Powell, Richard J. Black Art and Culture in the 20th Century Wolf, Eric. Europe and the Peoples without History (1982) Chaudhuri, K. N. Asia before Europe (1990) Worseley, Peter. The Third World (1964) Worseley, Peter. The three worlds (1984) Other Works of Interest: Meeting 8. March 6. Research and teaching Required Reading: Manning, Chapter 14, "Cultural History II" and Chapter 15, "Postscript on Research and Teaching." Allardyce, Gilbert. "The Rise and Fall of the Western Civilization Course," American Historical Review 87 (1982) Allardyce, Gilbert. "Toward World History: American Historians and the Coming of the World History Course," Journal of World History 1 (1990), 23-76 Optional Reading: Dunn, Ross Crabtree, Dunn, and Nash Other Works of Interest: Meeting 9. March 13. Wrap-up HISTORIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY DUE IN CLASS top of page CONTENTS OF READINGS PACKET 1. Voltaire. The Philosophy of History (1766), 1-34. 2. Gibbon, Edward. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776-1788), vol. 1, pp. 382-444. 3. Herder, J. G. von. Reflections on the Philosophy of the History of Mankind (1784-91), pp. 3-33, 357-98. 4. Hegel, G. W. F. Philosophy of World History (1830), pp. 1-27, 72-79, 412-457. 5. Ranke, Leopold von. "The Great Powers" (1833). 6. Marx, Karl. The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (1852), pp. 95-136, 166-80, and 712-18 in Marx, Selected Works. 7. Spencer, Herbert. The Evolution of Society (selections from Principles of Sociology (1876)), pp. 3-8, 32-47, 72-81. 8. Weber, Max. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1904), pp. 47-78, 192-217. 9. Kroeber, Alfred L. "The Concept of Culture in Science" (1949), pp. 118-135 in Kroeber, ed., The Nature of Culture (1952) 10. Murdock, George Peter. "How Culture Changes" (1956), pp. 112-28 in Murdock, Culture and Society (1965). 11. Brenner, Robert. "Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Europe," Past and Present 70 (1976), 30-74. 12. Charles Bright and Michael Geyer, "For a Unified History of the World in the Twentieth Century," Radical History Review 39 (1987), 69-91. 13. Buck, Pem Davidson. "Colonized Anthropology: cargo-cult discourse" (1991), pp. 24-41 in Faye Harrison, ed., Decolonizing Anthropology (1991). 14. Frank, Andre Gunder. "A Plea for World System History," Journal of World History 2 (1991), pp. 1-28. 15. Allardyce, Gilbert. "The Rise and Fall of the Western Civilization Course," American Historical Review 87 (1982), pp. 695-725. 16. Allardyce, Gilbert. "Toward World History: American Historians and the Coming of the World History Course," Journal of World History 1 (1990), pp. 23-76. top of page